Obesity is associated with systemic energy imbalance and leads to a wide range of metabolic complications, including type 2 diabetes, fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular disorders. Therapeutic strategies for obesity, including lifestyle interventions such as exercise and dietary modification, bariatric surgery, and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists, have been widely implemented (1). However, rapid weight regain is frequently observed after cessation of weight management medications (2). Moreover, although weight loss (WL) induced by these strategies improves many metabolic phenotypes, subsequent weight regain, referred to as weight cycling (WC), has been reported to exacerbate metabolic dysfunction even more than stable obesity (1). Given that WC commonly occurs in daily life, substantial efforts have been made to understand its underlying mechanisms and to develop strategies to prevent its detrimental consequences.
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