Month: July 2025

Intraportal islet transplantation to treat insulin-dependent diabetes has been clinically validated. However, the hypoxic environment and sinusoidal architecture of the liver are unsuitable for the long-term survival of transplanted islets, leading to the loss of therapeutic effects within 1 year. The spleen has oxygen levels that meet islet needs, but intense instant blood-mediated inflammatory reactions […]

Type 1 diabetes has detrimental effects in white matter microstructure. In a longitudinal study, we investigated whether these reported findings change as children grow and enter puberty. At study entry, there were 143 children with type 1 diabetes and 71 control participants without diabetes, 4–9 years old. Brain MRI using diffusion tensor imaging, neurocognitive, and […]

Current and emerging strategies to therapeutically target weight management include pairing agonism of the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) with either agonism or antagonism of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR). On the surface, these two approaches seem contradictory, yet they have produced similar effects for weight loss in clinical studies. Arguments that support the […]

In combatting the obesity crisis, leveraging mechanisms that lower body weight is critical. The finding that treatment with tirzepatide, a glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, produces profound weight loss highlights the value of activating the incretin receptors. Supporting this, recent studies have revealed mechanisms by which GIP receptor (GIPR) […]

Obesity is a prevalent disease that also contributes to the incidence and severity of many other chronic diseases and health conditions. Treatment approaches include lifestyle intervention, bariatric surgery, and pharmacological approaches, with glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists approved specifically for weight loss having changed the treatment landscape significantly in the last 5 years. Targeting […]

The farnesoid X receptor (FXR)–fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) axis is involved in maintaining glucose homeostasis and gut tight-junction (TJ) integrity. We evaluated whether individuals with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes (T2D) have altered intestinal FXR-FGF19 signaling and barrier function and whether high-glucose (HG) exposure may cause these aberrations. Moreover, we tested beneficial effects of […]

In 1998, Glaser et al. (1) described a mutation in the glucokinase gene (GCK) that caused autosomal-dominant hyperinsulinism. At the time, syndromic hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia in adults was known only to be caused by mutations affecting KATP channel function but not glucokinase. Instead, GCK mutations were known to cause maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) and persistent […]

A change in elevation can have surprising effects on the human body. Even an experienced runner, for instance, accustomed to sea level, would have great difficulty with their usual jog if they were to suddenly find themself 5,000 feet up a mountain. “It’s a stress on the body to not have enough oxygen,” Darleen Sandoval […]

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There is currently a revolution in the pharmacologic treatment of obesity and diabetes with newly available agonists of incretin receptors. The health benefits of these novel treatments include not only metabolic effects but also improvements in brain neurodegenerative conditions. Receptors for incretins have been described in the hypothalamic appetite regulatory center; however, their expression in […]